html,body{font-size:16px !important;line-height:18px !important;height:100%;color:#333;padding:0;margin:0}*,html,body{font-family:"Poppins",sans-serif;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:normal;-webkit-font-smoothing:antialiased;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;-moz-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;text-rendering:geometrirecision;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);outline:none !important;letter-spacing:-0.1px;word-wrap:break-word}.row{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;padding:0 2px}.col{flex:0 0 auto;width:25%;margin-bottom:20px;padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px}.col .entity-item{height:100%}strong,b{font-family:"Poppins",sans-serif;font-weight:bold}figure{margin:0;padding:0}a{text-decoration:none;color:#174fae}a:hover{text-decoration:underline}pre{padding:5px;margin-top:20px;background:#f3f3f3;border:1px solid #ccc}p{font-size:18px;line-height:24px}.link{cursor:pointer}.nowrap{white-space:nowrap}.overflow-auto{overflow:auto !important;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch !important}.h1,.h2,.h3,.h4,.h5,.h6,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{font-family:"Poppins",sans-serif;font-weight:bold}.multiple:after{content:',';margin-right:4px}.multiple:last-child:after{content:'';margin-right:0}.icon-home{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.icon-home svg{fill:#fff;width:15px;height:15px}.icon svg{fill:#fff;width:35px;height:35px}.m-0{margin:0 !important}.p-0{padding:0 !important}.mt-0{margin-top:0 !important}.mb-0{margin-bottom:0 !important}.mb-2{margin-bottom:10px !important}.me-1{margin-right:5px !important}.me-2{margin-right:10px !important}.mb-4{margin-bottom:20px !important}.mt-2{margin-top:20px !important}.mt-1{margin-top:10px !important}.opacity-0{opacity:0 !important}hr{border:0;border-top:1px solid #ccc}.hide-scrollbar{overflow-x:scroll;scrollbar-width:none}.hide-scrollbar::-webkit-scrollbar{display:none}.d-none{display:none !important}.btn{display:inline-block;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;color:#212529;text-align:center;text-decoration:none;vertical-align:middle;cursor:pointer;-webkit--select:none;-moz--select:none;-select:none;background-color:transparent;border:1px solid transparent;padding:.375rem .75rem;font-size:1rem;border-radius:.25rem;transition:color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out}.btn:hover{text-decoration:none}.btn-link{font-weight:400;color:#0d6efd;text-decoration:none}.btn-group-sm>.btn,.btn-sm{padding:.25rem .5rem;font-size:.875rem;border-radius:.2rem}.btn-outline-dark{color:#212529;border-color:#212529}.btn-outline-dark a{color:#212529}.btn-outline-dark:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#212529;border-color:#212529}.btn-outline-dark:hover a{color:#fff;text-decoration:none}.btn-outline-light{color:#f8f9fa;border-color:#f8f9fa}.btn-outline-light:hover{color:#000;background-color:#f8f9fa;border-color:#f8f9fa}.btn-secondary{color:#fff;background-color:#6c757d;border-color:#6c757d}.btn-dark{color:#fff;background-color:#001c4c;border-color:#001c4c}.btn-danger{color:#fff;background-color:#dc3545;border-color:#dc3545}.btn-light{color:#000;background-color:#f8f9fa;border-color:#f8f9fa}.btn-rounded{border-radius:50px}.btn-dark:hover{color:#ccc}.btn-outline-dark{color:#212529;border-color:#212529}.btn-outline-dark:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#212529;border-color:#212529}.btn-movie{font-size:25px;line-height:25px;padding:0;border-radius:50% !important;width:60px;height:60px;margin:0 15px 0 0;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.btn-movie svg{width:30px;height:30px}.btn-icon{line-height:0}.btn-icon svg{fill:#fff;width:1.1em;height:1.1em}.btn-movie:hover svg{fill:#fff}.breadcrumb{font-size:16px;line-height:30px}.breadcrumb{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;padding:0;margin-bottom:1rem;list-style:none}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item{padding-left:.5rem}.breadcrumb-item+.breadcrumb-item::before{float:left;padding-right:.5rem;color:#6c757d;content:"/";font-size:12px}.sidebar{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;height:100%;flex-direction:column}.sticky-box{height:100%;width:100%;margin-bottom:20px;padding:0}.banner{position:sticky;top:10px;margin-bottom:20px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.banner ins{position:sticky;top:10px;text-decoration:none;display:block;overflow:hidden !important}.banner ins:after{content:'PUBLICIDAD';background:#f5f5f5;width:100%;display:block;text-align:center;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;padding:4px 0}.bottom-ad-module{display:none}.roba-mobile{display:none}.roba-mobile,.roba-desktop{min-height:600px}.roba-desktop{display:flex;justify-content:start;align-items:end;flex-direction:column;width:320px;max-width:320px}.board-article-outbrain{margin-bottom:40px}.input-group{position:relative;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:stretch;width:100%}.input-group>.form-control,.input-group>.form-select{position:relative;flex:1 1 auto;width:1%;min-width:0}.input-group:not(.has-validation)>.dropdown-toggle:nth-last-child(n+3),.input-group:not(.has-validation)>:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle):not(.dropdown-menu){border-top-right-radius:0;border-bottom-right-radius:0}.input-group>:not(:first-child):not(.dropdown-menu):not(.valid-tooltip):not(.valid-):not(.invalid-tooltip):not(.invalid-){margin-left:-1px;border-top-left-radius:0;border-bottom-left-radius:0}.form-control{display:block;width:100%;padding:.375rem .75rem;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.5;color:#212529;background-color:#fff;background-clip:padding-box;border:1px solid #ced4da;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;appearance:none;border-radius:.25rem;transition:border-color .15s ease-in-out,box-shadow .15s ease-in-out}.form-control-sm{min-height:calc(1.5em+.5rem+2px);padding:.25rem .5rem;font-size:.875rem;border-radius:.2rem}.container{width:1140px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.top{margin-bottom:20px}.topbar-container{width:100%;background-color:#001c4c}.topbar{position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;padding:10px 0;z-index:2}.header-section{border-top:1px solid #fff;background-color:#eaede2;padding:10px 0;text-align:center}.header-section .header-section-title,.header-section .header-section-title a{font-family:"Poppins",sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:26px;line-height:26px;margin:0;padding:0;color:#001c4c}.menu-container{width:100%}.menu{position:relative;display:flex;justify-content:center;border-bottom:1px solid #ffffff59;padding:5px 0;z-index:2;background-color:#f3f3f3}.menu .navbar-nav{display:flex;flex-direction:row;list-style:none;padding:0;margin:0}.menu .navbar-nav .nav-link{display:block;padding:.5rem;text-decoration:none;transition:color .15s ease-in-out,background-color .15s ease-in-out,border-color .15s ease-in-out;color:rgba(0,0,0,.55);font-weight:500;font-size:14px;line-height:14px;text-transform:uppercase}.form-search-container{padding:15px 0;width:auto;background-color:#e9f1f8}.form-search{display:flex;flex-direction:row;justify-content:center;width:1140px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.form-search form{display:flex;width:50%}.form-search .input-search-autocomplete{background-color:#ffffffa8}.section{width:100%;margin-bottom:40px}.section .section-header{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;border-top:3px solid #001c4c;border-bottom:1px solid #001c4c;margin-bottom:20px}.section .section-header p,.section .section-header h2,.section .section-header h1{font-size:24px;line-height:28px;font-weight:bold;color:#001c4c;font-size:24px;line-height:24px;padding:10px 0;margin:0}.entity-item{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative;width:100%;border-bottom:4px solid #001c4c;background:#f3f3f3;box-shadow:0 0 4px #000;text-align:left;margin-bottom:0}.entity-item .entity-item-details{order:1;padding:10px}.entity-item .entity-title,.entity-item .entity-title a{font-size:18px;line-height:20px;font-family:"Poppins",sans-serif;font-weight:600;color:#333;text-decoration:none;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;text-transform:uppercase}.entity-item .entity-title small{font-size:14px;line-height:16px}.entity-item .entity-title a:before{content:"";top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;display:block;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;z-index:2}.entity-item .entity-item-image{order:0}.entity-item .figure{position:relative;aspect-ratio:.66666667;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background-color:#222;color:#fff;overflow:hidden}.entity-item .figure:after{content:var(--category-var);position:absolute;bottom:5px;right:5px;font-size:14px;line-height:14px;text-align:right;background:#2e579e;color:#fff;font-weight:bold;padding:3px 6px;border-radius:5px}.entity-item .figure .img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}.footer{background-color:#001c4c;padding:20px 0}.footer .container{display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;text-align:center}.footer p{font-size:14px;line-height:1;color:#fff;text-align:center;padding:0 10px}.footer a{color:#ccc}.gallery{display:grid;grid-auto-flow:column;grid-auto-columns:calc(100% / 1.1);gap:10px;overflow-x:scroll;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;scroll-behavior:smooth}.gallery figure{scroll-snap-align:start;position:relative;aspect-ratio:16 / 9;border-radius:10px;border:1px solid #ccc;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background-color:#222;color:#fff;width:100%}.gallery img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover;border-radius:10px}.video-gallery{display:grid;grid-auto-flow:column;grid-auto-columns:calc(100% / 1.1);gap:10px;overflow-x:scroll;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;scroll-behavior:smooth}.video{scroll-snap-align:start;border-radius:10px;overflow:hidden}.video iframe{width:100%;height:100%;aspect-ratio:16 / 9}.entity-gallery .gallery-row>*{border:1px solid #ffffff00}.entity-gallery .gallery-row{display:grid;grid-auto-flow:column;grid-auto-columns:calc(100% / 4.06);gap:15px;overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden;scroll-snap-type:x mandatory;scroll-behavior:smooth;scroll-padding:0}.entity-gallery .gallery-row-6{grid-auto-columns:calc(100% / 5.9)}.entity-gallery .gallery-column{width:100%;scroll-snap-align:start;object-fit:cover}.entity-gallery .entity-item{display:flex;flex-direction:column;position:relative;margin-bottom:0;height:100%}.carousel-wrapper{position:relative}.carousel-button{position:absolute;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);background-color:#00000099;color:white;border:0;padding:10px 10px;cursor:pointer;z-index:10;border-radius:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.carousel-button svg{fill:#fff;width:20px;height:20px}.carousel-prev{left:0}.carousel-next{right:0}.accordion{width:100%;border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:8px}.accordion-item{border-top:1px solid #ccc}.accordion-header{display:flex;justify-content:start;align-items:center;padding:15px;cursor:pointer;font-weight:bold}.accordion-header .badge{background-color:#6c757d;color:#fff;padding:5px 10px;border-radius:4px;font-size:14px}.accordion-checkbox{display:none}.accordion-content{max-height:0;overflow:hidden;transition:max-height .3s ease;padding:0 10px;background-color:#fff}.accordion-checkbox:checked ~ .accordion-content{max-height:500vh;padding:0 10px}.accordion-content .table{width:100%;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;border-collapse:collapse}.accordion-content .table td{padding:10px;border:1px solid #ddd}.accordion-item:first-of-type{border-top:0}.accordion-header::after{flex-shrink:0;margin-left:auto;content:"+";background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:1.25rem;transition:transform .2s ease-in-out}.accordion-header h4{font-weight:normal}.accordion-content p{margin-top:0}.no-disponible{text-align:center}@media(max-width:1024px){.container{width:100%}.top{margin-bottom:0}.other-container{width:100%;margin:0;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}.col{flex:0 0 auto;width:50%}.menu{display:block}.aside-container{display:none}.form-search{width:100%}.form-search form{display:flex;width:100%;margin:0 15px}.entity-item .entity-title,.entity-item .entity-title a{font-size:16px;line-height:18px}.breadcrumb{margin-bottom:10px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}.gallery{grid-auto-columns:calc(100% / 1.1)}.entity-gallery .gallery-row{grid-auto-columns:calc(100% / 2.3)}.section .section-header p,.section .section-header h2,.section .section-header h1{font-size:20px;line-height:22px}.roba-desktop{display:none}.roba-mobile{position:relative;top:0;margin-bottom:30px;display:flex;justify-content:start;align-items:center;flex-direction:column;width:calc(100vw - 30px);max-width:calc(100vw - 30px)}.roba-mobile ins{position:sticky;top:0}.bottom-ad-module{display:block;position:fixed;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;margin:0;box-shadow:0 -1px 5px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);text-align:center;line-height:0;background:#f5f5f5;z-index:3000004;transition:transform .5s ease,opacity .5s ease}.bottom-ad-module-hidden{transform:translateY(100%);opacity:0}.bottom-ad-module .publi-box__close-btn{display:block;color:#666;background:#f5f5f5;z-index:1000001;font-size:17px;padding:5px;box-shadow:1px -2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.2);border-top-left-radius:8px;width:28px;height:28px;position:absolute;top:-28px;right:0;cursor:pointer}} .article{width:100%}.movie-header{position:relative;margin-bottom:40px;display:flex;flex-direction:row;align-items:flex-start}.movie-header .figure{position:relative;aspect-ratio:.66666667;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background-color:#222;color:#fff;width:250px;flex:0 0 250px;overflow:hidden;margin-right:20px}.movie-header .figure .img{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;object-fit:cover}.movie-title-container{margin:0 auto;z-index:1;flex:1 1 100%;overflow:hidden}.movie-title-container .title{border-top:4px solid #001c4c;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;font-weight:bold;font-size:36px;line-height:38px;margin:0;padding:10px 0;margin-bottom:20px;color:#001c4c;text-transform:uppercase}.movie-title-container .author-name{margin-bottom:30px}.movie-title-container .author-name a{font-weight:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.movie-title-container .categories{position:absolute;bottom:0;margin-bottom:0}.movie-title-container .categories-relative{position:relative}.movie-title-container .categories a{margin-bottom:10px;margin-right:5px}.movie-title-container .tagline{margin-bottom:20px}.movie-buttons{display:flex;align-items:center;margin-bottom:20px}.movie-buttons .btn-buy{font-size:20px;line-height:1;font-family:sans-serif;font-weight:normal;text-transform:uppercase;height:60px;justify-content:center;align-items:center;display:flex;padding:0 30px;border-radius:30px}.movie-buttons .discountPercentage{font-size:22px;line-height:22px;font-weight:bold;color:green}.movie-container{display:flex;flex-direction:row}.movie-body{margin:0;width:780px;flex:0 0 780px;overflow:hidden}.aside-container{text-align:right;width:320px;flex:0 0 320px;position:relative;margin-left:40px}.providers{width:100%}.providers .provider-container{margin-bottom:20px}.providers a{margin-right:10px;display:inline-block}.providers a:last-child{margin-right:0}.providers img{width:55px;height:55px;border-radius:5px}.providers .provider-type{display:block;background:#eaede2;padding:5px;margin-bottom:10px;font-weight:bold}.providers .provider-container:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.movie-info .row-info{display:flex;flex-direction:row;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px}.movie-info .col-title{font-size:18px;line-height:24px;width:40%;flex:0 0 40%;display:flex;align-items:center;margin:0;font-weight:normal}.movie-info .col-title .icon{display:flex;margin-right:5px}.movie-info .col-title .icon svg{width:20px;height:20px}.movie-info .col-value{width:60%;flex:0 0 60%}.movie-info .col-value p{padding:0;margin:0}.movie-info .col-value .link{white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;display:block;overflow:hidden}.movie-share{position:fixed;bottom:10px;right:10px;z-index:1000}.movie-share .btn{font-size:25px;line-height:25px;padding:0;border-radius:50% !important;width:60px;height:60px;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background:#064cc3}.movie-share .btn svg{width:30px;height:30px;fill:#fff}.circle-wrap{width:60px;height:60px;background:#ccc;border-radius:50%;margin:0 15px 0 0;z-index:1}.circle-wrap .circle{position:relative}.circle-wrap .circle .mask,.circle-wrap .circle .fill{width:60px;height:60px;position:absolute;border-radius:50%}.mask .fill{clip:rect(0,30px,60px,0);background-color:#000}.circle-wrap .circle .mask{clip:rect(0,60px,60px,30px)}.circle-wrap .inside-circle{font-family:sans-serif;width:49px;height:49px;border-radius:50%;background:#064cc3;color:#fff;position:absolute;z-index:100;font-weight:700;font-size:18px;line-height:18px;top:5px;left:5px;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}@media(max-width:1024px){.movie-body{width:100%;flex:0 0 100%;overflow:unset}.movie-header{flex-direction:column}.movie-header .figure{margin:0;width:100%;flex:0 0 100%;background-color:transparent;aspect-ratio:unset;padding:20px 50px}.movie-header .figure .img{position:relative;height:auto;box-shadow:0 0 10px 0 #333}.movie-title-container{width:100%;margin:0;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px;text-align:center}.movie-title-container .title{border-top:0;font-size:26px;line-height:30px;margin:0 0 20px 0}.movie-buttons{flex-direction:column;margin-bottom:30px;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;padding-bottom:20px}.movie-buttons .btn-buy{margin-bottom:10px}.movie-title-container .categories{position:relative}.movie-container{margin:0;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}.movie-info .row-info{flex-direction:column}.movie-info .col-title,.movie-info .col-value p,.movie-info .col-value a{margin:0}.movie-info .col-title{width:100%;flex:0 0 100%;font-weight:600}.movie-info .col-value{width:100%;flex:0 0 100%}}
Thirty years ago, biologists could get by with a rudimentary grasp of mathematics and modeling. Not so today. In seeking to answer fundamental questions about how biological systems function and change over time, the modern biologist is as likely to rely on sophisticated mathematical and computer-based models as traditional fieldwork. In this book, Sarah Otto and Troy Day provide biology students with the tools necessary to both interpret models and to build their own.
The book starts at an elementary level of mathematical modeling, assuming that the reader has had high school mathematics and first-year calculus. Otto and Day then gradually build in depth and complexity, from classic models in ecology and evolution to more intricate class-structured and probabilistic models. The authors provide primers with instructive exercises to introduce readers to the more advanced subjects of linear algebra and probability theory. Through examples, they describe how models have been used to understand such topics as the spread of HIV, chaos, the age structure of a country, speciation, and extinction.
Ecologists and evolutionary biologists today need enough mathematical training to be able to assess the power and limits of biological models and to develop theories and models themselves. This innovative book will be an indispensable guide to the world of mathematical models for the next generation of biologists.
A how-to guide for developing new mathematical models in biology Provides step-by-step recipes for constructing and analyzing models Interesting biological applications Explores classical models in ecology and evolution Questions at the end of every chapter Primers cover important mathematical topics Exercises with answers Appendixes summarize useful rules Labs and advanced material available